<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник экспериментальной и клинической хирургии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2070-478X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-143X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2070-478X-2023-16-3-261-270</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review of literature</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immune Diagnostics and Immunotherapy of Burn Sepsis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунодиагностика и иммунотерапия ожогового сепсиса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-7094</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7631-8050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlova</surname><given-names>Maria Nikolaevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлова</surname><given-names>Мария Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Leading Researcher at the Burn Center </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела термических поражений</p></bio><email>mnkozlova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8867-5349</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7754-0336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemskov</surname><given-names>Vladimir Mikhailovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Земсков</surname><given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник клинико-диагностической лаборатории</p></bio><email>arturrego@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-4794</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4803-3939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>Andrey Anatolyevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Андрей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Deputy Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заместитель директора </p></bio><email>alexseev@ixv.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии имени А. В. Вишневского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>270</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-29"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Voronezh N.N. Burdenko State Medical University</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, ФГБОУ ВО ВГМУ им. Н.Н. Бурденко Минздрава России</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voronezh N.N. Burdenko State Medical University</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО ВГМУ им. Н.Н. Бурденко Минздрава России</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://vestnik-surgery.com/journal/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik-surgery.com/journal/article/view/1717">https://vestnik-surgery.com/journal/article/view/1717</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper analyzes the literature data and authors’ proper experience in the study of immunopathogenesis and immunodiagnosis of burn sepsis. It argues the issues of effective use of immunocorrection in the complex treatment of severely burned patients.Diagnosis of sepsis after severe burn injury is challenging due to the overlap of signs and clinical manifestations of the hypermetabolic reaction of thermal injury and sepsis. The systemic inflammatory response caused by burns can mimic manifestations of sepsis and complicate its early diagnosis. Considering this, modern immunodiagnostics can serve as an effective tool in identifying damaged key immune markers in burns, determining the severity of immune status disorders in burn disease and the risk of developing septic complications for timely immunocorrection and providing appropriate complex therapy for patients with extensive burns.However, the problem of immunocorrective therapy in severely burned patients remains extremely relevant, debatable and not fully resolved. It is a personalized approach based on immune analysis and clinical recommendations for the complex treatment of burn injury that should be applied in the immunotherapy of burn sepsis to improve the clinical outcomes and, possibly, prevent the development of sepsis in patients with severe burn injury.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье проанализированы литературные данные и собственный опыт по исследованию иммунопатогенеза и иммунодиагностике ожогового сепсиса, обсуждены вопросы эффективного использования иммунокоррекции в комплексном лечении у тяжелообожженных. Диагностика сепсиса после тяжелой ожоговой травмы является сложной задачей из-за совпадения признаков и клинических проявлений гиперметаболической реакции термической травмы и сепсиса. Системная воспалительная реакция, вызванная ожогами, может имитировать проявление сепсиса и усложнять его раннюю диагностику. В данном аспекте современная иммунодиагностика может служить эффективным инструментом в выявлении поврежденных ключевых иммунных маркеров при ожогах, определении степени тяжести нарушений иммунного статуса при ожоговой болезни и риске развития септических осложнений для своевременной иммунокоррекции и обеспечения соответствующей комплексной терапии пациентов с обширными ожогами. Вместе с тем, проблема иммунокоррегирующей терапии у тяжелообожженных остается чрезвычайно актуальной, дискутабельной и до конца не решенной. Именно персонифицированный подход в иммунотерапии ожогового сепсиса на основе иммунного анализа и клинических рекомендаций по комплексному лечению ожоговой травмы позволит улучшить результаты лечения и, возможно, предотвратить развитие сепсиса у больных с тяжелой ожоговой травмой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>burn sepsis</kwd><kwd>immunodiagnostics</kwd><kwd>immunocorrection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожоговый сепсис</kwd><kwd>иммунодиагностика</kwd><kwd>иммунокоррекция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Burns. 2018. Dostupno po: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns. Ssylka aktivna na 01.04.2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Burns. 2018. Доступно по: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns. Ссылка активна на 01.04.2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revishvili ASh, Olovyannii VE, Sajin VP, Anischenko MA, Kuznecov AV, Mironova NL, Shelina NV. Khirurgicheskaya pomoshh' v Rossijskoj Federacii. М. 2021; 180. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ревишвили А.Ш., Оловянный В.Е., Сажин В.П., Анищенко М.А., Кузнецов А.В., Миронова Н.Л., Шелина Н.В. Хирургическая помощь в Российской Федерации. М. 2021; 180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Dasari H, Kumar A, Sharma BR. Burns septicemia: the leading cause of burn mortality. J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol. 2008; 8: 2: 10–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma BR, Harish D, Singh VP, Bangar S. Septicemia as a cause of death in burns: an autopsy study. Burns. 2006; 32: 5: 545–549.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>D’Avignon LC, Hogan BK, Murray CK, Loo FL, Hospenthal DR, Cancio LC, Kim SH, Renz EM, Barillo D, Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Wolf SE. Contribution of bacterial and viral infections to attributable mortality in patients with severe burns: an autopsy series. Burns. 2010; 36: 6: 773–779. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.11.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent J-L, Levy MM; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Management Guidelines Committee. Surviving sepsis guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32: 858–873.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent J-L, Moreno R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39: 165–228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, Mcintyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, Schorr C, Simpson S, Wiersinga WJ, Alshamsi F, Angus DC, Arabi Y, Azevedo L, Beale R, Beilman G, Belley-Cote E, Burry L, Cecconi M, Centofanti J, Yataco AC, Waele JD, Dellinger RP, Doi K, Du B, Estenssoro E, Ferrer R, Gomersall C, Hodgson C, Møller MH, Iwashyna T, Jacob S, Kleinpell R, Klompas M, Koh Y, Kumar A, Kwizera A, Lobo S, Masur H, McGloughlin S, Mehta S, MehtaY, Mer M, Nunnally M, Oczkowski S, Osborn T, Papathanassoglou E, Perner A, Puskarich M, Roberts J, Schweickert W, Seckel M, Sevransky J, Sprung CL, Welte T, Zimmerman J, Levy M. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021; Nov; 47: 11: 1181-1247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche J-D, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, Poll T, Vincent J-L, Angus DC. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315: 801–810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, Rubenfeld G, Kahn JM, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M, Deutschman CS, Escobar GJ, Angus DC. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315: 762–774. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy LM, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, Angus DC, Rubenfeld GD, Singer M; Sepsis Definitions Task Force. Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:775–787. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0289</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Greenhalgh DG. Sepsis in the burn patient: a different problem than sepsis in the general population. Burns Trauma. 2017; Aug; 8: 5: 23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>McConnell KW, Coopersmith CM. Organ failure avoidance and mitigation strategies in surgery. Surg Clin N Am. 2012; 92: 307–319.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>O’Sullivan ST, O’Connor TP. Immunosuppression following thermal injury: the pathogenesis of immunodysfunction. Br J Plast Surg. 1997; 50: 8: 615–623.  </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Girardot T, Rimmele T, Venet F, Monneret G. Apoptosis-induced lymphopenia in sepsis and other severe injuries. Apoptosis. 2017; 22: 2: 295–305. DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1325-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bone RC. Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24:1125–1128. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199607000-00010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 138–150. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra021333</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Nast-Kolb DM, Aufmkolk M, Rucholt S, Obertacke U, Waydhas C. Multiple organ failure. Still a major cause of morbidity but not mortality in blunt multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2001; 51: 835–841.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Keel M, Trentz O. Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury. 2005; 36: 691–709.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Xiao W, Mindronos MN, Seok J, Cuschieri J, Cuenca AG, Gao H, Hayden DL, Hennessy L, Moore EE, Minei JP, Bankey PE, Johnson JL, Sperry J, Nathens AB, Billiar TR, West MA, Brownstein BH, Mason PH, Baker HV, Finnerty CC, Jeschke MG, López MC, Klein MB, Gamelli RL, Gibran NS, Arnoldo B, Xu W, Zhang Y, Calvano SE, Grace P McDonald-Smith GP, Schoenfeld DA, Storey JD, Cobb JP, Warren HS, Moldawer LL, Herndon DN, Lowry SF, Maier RV, Davis RW, Tompkins RG; Inflammation and Host Response to Injury Large-Scale Collaborative Research Program. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J Exp Med. 2011; 208: 2581–2590.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Boomer JS, To K, Chang KC, Takasu O, Osborne DF, Walton AH, Bricker TL, Jarman SD, Kreisel D, Krupnick AS, Srivastava A, Swanson PE, Green JM, Hotchkiss RS. Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure. JAMA. 2011; 306: 2594–2605. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1829</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nature Rev Immunol. 2013;13: 862–874. DOI: 10.1038/nri3552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lamas D. Chronic critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 175–177.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kahn JM, Le T, Angus DC, Cox CE, Hough CL, White DB, Yende S, Carson SS; ProVent Study Group Investigators. The epidemiology of chronic critical illness in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2015; 43: 282–287. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000710</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Mira JC, Gentile LF, Mathias J, Efron PA, Brakenridge SC, Mohr AM, Moore FA, Moldawer LL. Sepsis pathophysiology, chronic critical illness, and the persistent inflammatory-immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2017; 45: 253–262.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Flajnik MF, Kasahara M. Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: Genetic events and selective pressures. Nature Rev Genet. 2010;1 1: 47–59. DOI: 10.1038/nrg2703</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Litman GW, Rast JP, Fugmann SD. The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Nature Rev Immunol. 2010; 10: 543–553.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ebert G. Immunity by equilibrium. Nature Rev Immunol. 2016; 16: 524–32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pober JS, Sessa WC. Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation. Nature Rev Immunol. 2007; 7: 803–15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Mali AB. Protein interactions at endothelial junctions and signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability. Circ Res. 2017; 120: 179–206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur A, Sethi GK, Goyal RK, Kaur A, Kaur R, Dhir SK, Gupta H. Thrombocytopenia in paediatric ICU: Incidence, transfusion requirement and role as prognostic indicator. J Clin Diagnost Res. 2015; 9: 5–7. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14590.6921</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Du Clos TW. C-reactive protein and the immune response. Sci Med. 2002; 8: 108–117. DOI: 10.3109/07853890009011772</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lopez ON, Cambiaso-Daniel J, Branski LK, Norbury WB, Herndon DN. Predicting and managing sepsis in burn patients: current perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017 Aug 29; 13: 1107-1117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, Osborn TM, Townsend S, Dellinger RP, Artigas А, Schorr C, Levy MM. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: Results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42: 1749–1755.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kaukonen K-M, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA. 2014; 311: 1308–1316.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Greenhalgh DG, Saffle JR, Holmes JH, IV, Gamelli R, Palmieri TL, Horton JW, Tompkins RG, Traber DL, Mozingo DW, Deitch ЕA, Goodwin CW, Herndon DN, Gallagher JJ, Sanford AP, Jeng JC, Ahrenholz DH, Neely AN, O'Mara MS, Wolf SE, Purdue GF, Garner WL, Yowler СJ, Latenser BA. American Burn Association Consensus Conference to define sepsis and infection in burns. J Burn Care Res. 2007; 28: 776–790</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA. Ozhogovyj sepsis: diagnostika, profilaktika, lechenie. Dissertaciya doktora med. nauk. М. 1993; 233. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А. Ожоговый сепсис: диагностика, профилактика, лечение. Диссертация доктора мед. наук. М. 1993; 233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA, Krutikov MG, Yakovlev VP. Ozhogovaya infekciya. Etiologiya, patogenez, diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie. M.: Vuzovskaya kniga. 2010; 416. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А., Крутиков М.Г., Яковлев В.П. Ожоговая инфекция. Этиология, патогенез, диагностика, профилактика и лечение. М.: Вузовская книга. 2010; 416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Pruitt BA, Polk HC. Burns and soft tissues. Infection and the surgical patient. Churchill Livingstone. 1982; 4: 113-131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Kozlova MN, Shishkina NS, Gnatenko DA, Zemskov AM, Bahov NI. Immune diagnostics of septic complications in burns. Biology bulletin reviews. 2016; 6: 4: 344-354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Hollander JE. Birkhahn R, Otero R, Osborn TM, Moretti E, Nguyen HВ, Gunnerson KJ, Milzman D, Gaieski DF, Goyal M, Cairns CB, Ngo L, Riverset EP. A prospective multicenter derivation of a biomarker panel to assess risk of organ dysfunction, shock, and death in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 37: 1: 96-104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Bozza FA, Salluh JI, Japiassu AM, Soares M, Assis EF, Gomes RN, Bozza MT, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: A multiplex analysis. Crit Care. 2007; 11(2): R49. DOI: 10.1186/cc5783</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Kofoed K, Andersen O, Kronborg G, Tvede M, Petersen J, Eugen-Olsen J, Larsen K. Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections: a prospective study. Crit Care. 2007; 11(2): R38. DOI: 10.1186/cc5723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolker II. Immunologicheskie aspekty ozhogovoj bolezni. III Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya «Sovremennye sredstva pervoj pomoshchi i metody lecheniya ozhogovoj bolezni». 1986; 191-193. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колкер И.И. Иммунологические аспекты ожоговой болезни. III Всесоюзная конференция «Современные средства первой помощи и методы лечения ожоговой болезни». 1986; 191-193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belockii SM. Snastina TI. Filyukova OB. Microbial factor in chemiluminescence of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with purulent surgical infection. Zhurnal mikrobiologija, jepidemiologija i immunologija. 1988; 8: 87-90. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоцкий С.М., Снастина Т.И., Филюкова О.Б. Микробный фактор в хемилюминисценции нейтрофилов периферической крови больных с гнойной хирургической инфекцией. Журнал микробиология, эпидемиология и иммунология. 1988; 8: 87-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belockii SM. Snastina TI. The role of the opsonophagocytic system in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Terapevticheskij arhiv. 1988; 5: 97-99. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоцкий С.М., Снастина Т.И. Роль опсоно-фагоцитарной системы в патогенезе сепсиса. Терапевтический архив. 1988; 5: 97-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karelin AA, Alekseev AA, Globa AG, Demidova VS, Cvetkov VO. Enzymatic production of superoxide by polymorphonuclear human leukocytes in burn disease. Voprosy medicinskoj himii. 1988; 34: 5: 107-110. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карелин А.А., Алексеев, А. А., Глоба А. Г., Демидова В. С., Цветков В. О. Энзиматическая продукция супероксида полиморфно-ядерными лейкоцитами человека при ожоговой болезни. Вопросы медицинской химии. 1988; 34: 5: 107-110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergel OS, Morozov SS. K voprosu o znachenii pri ozhogovoj bolezni testov mestnoj kletochnoj giperchuvstvitel'nosti. III Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya «Sovremennye sredstva pervoj pomoshchi i metody lecheniya ozhogovoj bolezni». 1986; 204-206. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергель О.С., Морозов С.С. К вопросу о значении при ожоговой болезни тестов местной клеточной гиперчувствительности. III Всесоюзная конференция «Современные средства первой помощи и методы лечения ожоговой болезни». 1986; 204-206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krutikov MG. Infektsiya u obozhzhennykh: etiologiya, patogenez, diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie. Dissertatsiya doktora med. nauk. M. 2005; 371. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крутиков М.Г. Инфекция у обожженных: этиология, патогенез, диагностика, профилактика и лечение. Диссертация доктора мед. наук. М. 2005; 371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushakova T.A. Adaptivnye reaktsii u tyazhelo obozhzhennykh v usloviyakh intensivnoj terapii. Dissertatsiya doktora med. nauk. M. 2008; 268. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушакова Т.А. Адаптивные реакции у тяжело обожженных в условиях интенсивной терапии. Диссертация доктора мед. наук. М. 2008; 268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA, Ushakova TA, Krutikov MG, Bobrovnikov AE. Тhe sepsis markers in diagnostic of adaptive inflammation under burn trauma. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2015; 2: 14: 84-91. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А., Ушакова Т.А., Крутиков М.Г., Бобровников А.Э. Маркеры сепсиса в диагностике адаптивного воспаления при ожоговой травме. Лечение и профилактика. 2015; 2: 14: 84-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pivovarova LP, Ariskina OB, Assur MV, Gujda OG, Kladukhina NA, Lopiyuva MP, Osipova IV, Sorokina EV, Razumova TV, Shlyk IV, Stupak GV. Immunotherapy of sepsis in patients with severe burn injury. Meditsinskaya immunologiya. 1999; 1: 3-4: 126-127. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пивоварова Л.П., Арискина О.Б., Ассур М.В., Гуйда О.Г., Кладухина Н.А., Лопиюва М.П., Осипова И.В., Сорокина Е.В., Разумова Т.В., Шлык И.В., Ступак Г.В. Иммунотерапия сепсиса у пострадавших с тяжелой ожоговой травмой. Медицинская иммунология.1999; 1: 3-4: 126-127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov VM, Kozlova MN, Barsukov AA, Shishkina NS, Zemskov AM, Alekseev AA, Demidova VS. Тhe study of limphoid and phagocytic cells of different phenotypes in burn desease. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal. 2017; 14: S1: 64-66. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков В.М., Козлова М.Н., Барсуков А.А., Шишкина Н.С., Земсков А.М., Алексеев А.А., Демидова В.С. Актуальность исследования лимфоидных и фагоцитарных клеток различных фенотипов при ожоговой болезни. Российский аллергологический журнал. 2017; 14: S1: 64-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova MN, Zemskov VM, Barsukov AA, Shishkina NS, Demidova VS, Alekseev AA. Immunological monitoring of infectious complications in severely burned patients. Laboratornaja sluzhba. 2017; 3: 6: 30. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова М.Н., Земсков В.М., Барсуков А.А., Шишкина Н.С., Демидова В.С., Алексеев А.А. Иммунологический мониторинг инфекционных осложнений у тяжелообоженных. Лабораторная служба. 2017; 3: 6: 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova MN, Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Barsukov AA, Shishkina NS, Demidova VS. Features of immune status and immunocorrection in burn disease. Rossijskij allergologicheskij zhurnal. 2019; 16: 1: 76-79. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова М.Н., Земсков В.М, Алексеев А.А., Барсуков А.А., Шишкина Н.С., Демидова В.С. Особенности иммунного статуса и иммунокоррекции при ожоговой болезни. Российский аллергологический журнал. 2019; 16: 1: 76-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Gnatenko DA, Kozlova MN, Shishkina NS, Zemskov AM, Zhegalova IV, Bleykhman DA, Bahov NI, Suchkov SV. Composite Biomarker Panel as a Highly Informative and Reliable Tool for Predicting Septic Complications. Jacobs Journal of Biomarkers. 2016; 2(1): 016: 1-10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Optimizacija diagnostiki i lechenija gnojno-vospalitel'nyh zabolevanij (innovacionnye tehnologii). Pod red. Revishvili ASh, Zemskova VM, Zemskova AM. Sankt-Peterburg: SpecLit. 2020; 319. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оптимизация диагностики и лечения гнойно-воспалительных заболеваний (инновационные технологии). Под ред. Ревишвили А.Ш., Земскова В.М., Земскова А.М.. Санкт-Петербург: СпецЛит. 2020; 319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Kozlova MN, Barsukov AA, Solov'eva MS, Ahmadov MA. Izmenenija immunnogo statusa pacientov pri ozhogovoj travme. III Syezd kombustiologov. 2010; 76-78. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков В.М., Алексеев А.А., Козлова М.Н., Барсуков А.А., Соловьева М.С., Ахмадов М.А. Изменения иммунного статуса пациентов при ожоговой травме. III Съезд комбустиологов. 2010; 76-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Krutikov MG, Lagvilava MG, Kozlova MN, Barsukov AA, Solov'eva MS, Ahmadov MA. Changes of the immune status at suffered from burns, including at mass accidents. Vestnik eksperimental'noj i klinicheskoj khirurgii. 2013; 6: 1: 9-18. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков В.М., Алексеев А.А., Крутиков М.Г., Лагвилава М.Г., Козлова М.Н., Барсуков А.А., Соловьёва М.С., Ахмадов М.А. Изменения иммунного статуса у пострадавших от ожогов, в том числе при массовых катастрофах. Вестник экспериментальной и клинической хирургии. 2013; 6: 1: 9-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Zemskov VM, Barsukov AA, Gnatenko DA, Shishkina NS, Kulikova AN, Kozlova MN. Fundamental and applied aspects of analysis of the oxygen metabolisms of phagocytic cells. Biology bulletin reviews. 2014; 4: 2: 101-111.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Kozlova MN, Shishkina NS, Gnatenko DA, Zemskov AM, Bahov NI. Immune diagnostics of septic complications in burns. Uspehi sovremennoj biologii.2015; 135: 6: 531-541. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков В.М., Алексеев А.А., Козлова М.Н., Шишкина Н.С., Гнатенко Д.А., Земсков А.М., Бахов Н.И. Иммунная диагностика септических осложнений при ожогах. Успехи современной биологии. 2015; 135: 6: 531-541.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA, Bobrovnikov AE, Bogdanov VV. Meaning of innovative technologies for improvement of results in treating burned patients. Medical alphabet. 2020; 13: 44–47. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А., Бобровников А.Э., Богданов В.В. Оценка эффективности инновационных технологий лечения пострадавших от ожогов. Медицинский алфавит. 2020; 13: 44–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA, Salahiddinov KZ, Gavriljuk BK, Tjurnikov JuI. Complex treatment of deep burns on basis of surgical necrectomies and modern biotechnological methods. Annaly hirurgii. 2012; 6: 41-45. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А., Салахиддинов К.З., Гаврилюк Б.К., Тюрников Ю.И. Комплексное лечение глубоких ожогов на основе применения хирургической некрэктомии и современных биотехнологических методов. Анналы хирургии. 2012; 6: 41-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskie rekomendacii: «Ozhogi termicheskie i himicheskie. Ozhogi solnechnye. Ozhogi dyhatel'nyh putej». 2021. Dostupno po: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/687_1. Ssylka aktivna na 01.04.2023. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">64. Клинические рекомендации: «Ожоги термические и химические. Ожоги солнечные. Ожоги дыхательных путей». 2021. Доступно по: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/687_1. Ссылка активна на 01.04.2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Durandy A, Kaveri SV, Kuijpers TW, Basta M, Miescher S, Ravetch JV, Rieben R. Intravenous immunoglobulins-understanding properties and mechanisms. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2009; 158: 1: 2-13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04022.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Smith KG, Clatworthy MR. FcγRIIB in autoimmunity and infection: evolutionary and therapeutic implications. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2010; 674: 10: 328-343.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latysheva TV. Principles of replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins. Citokiny i vospalenie. 2005; 4: 3: 58 – 62. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Латышева Т.В. Принципы заместительной терапии внутривенными иммуноглобулинами. Цитокины и воспаление. 2005; 4: 3: 58 – 62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova MN, Zemskov VM, Shishkina NS, Barsukov AA, Demidova VS, Alekseev AA. Personalized algorithm of immunocorrection with intravenous immunoglobulins for preventing and treating complications of burn disease by comprehensively analyzing immune status. Rossijskij immunologicheskij zhurnal. 2020; 23: 4: 523-528. DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-459-PAO (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова М.Н., Земсков В.М., Шишкина Н.С., Барсуков А.А., Демидова В.С., Алексеев А.А. Персонифицированный алгоритм иммунокоррекции внутривенными иммуноглобулинами для профилактики и лечения осложнений ожоговой болезни на основе комплексного анализа иммунного статуса. Российский иммунологический журнал. 2020; 23: 4: 523-528. DOI: 10.46235/1028-7221-459-PAO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Sewell WA, Jolles S. Immunomodulatory action of intravenous immunoglobulin. Immunology. 2002; 107: 4: 387-393. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01545.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Takei S, Arora YK, Walker SM. Intravenous immunoglobulin contains specific antibodies inhibitory to activation of T cells by staphylococcal toxin superantigens. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 91: 2: 602-607.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Lutz HU, Stammler P, Jelezarova E, Nater M, Späth PJ. High doses of immunoglobulin G attenuate immune aggregate-mediated complement activation by enhancing physiologic cleavage of C3b in C3bn-IgG complexes. Blood.1996; 88: 184-193.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Kozlova MN, Shishkina NS, Bleykhman DA, Zemskov AM, Suchkov SV. Changes in the immune system depending on the stage of burn disease and the area of thermal destruction. Immunoglobin replacement therapy with gabriglobin. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. 2017; 8: 2: 15653-15662.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latysheva TV, Setdikova NH. New domestic immunoglobulin G - gabriglobin in the complex therapy of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Vestnik Rossijskoj voenno-medicinskoj akademii. 2005; 1: 41-43. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Латышева Т.В., Сетдикова Н.Х. Новый отечественный иммуноглобулин G – габриглобин в комплексной терапии больных общей вариабельной иммунной недостаточностью. Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии. 2005; 1: 41-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ljutov VA, Aleshkin VA, Donjush EK, Zajakina LB, Mostovskaja EV, Sokolov DV. Gabriglobin-IgG - possibilities and efficiency of clinical application. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2016; 4: 20: 74-80. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лютов, В.А., Алешкин В.А., Донюш Е.К., Заякина Л.Б., Мостовская Е.В., Соколов Д.В. Габриглобин - возможности и эффективность клинического применения. Лечение и профилактика. 2016; 4: 20: 74-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov VM, Alekseev AA, Kozlova MN, Barsukov AA, Solov'eva MS, Ahmadov MA. Study of the clinical and immunological efficacy of immunoreplacement therapy with gabriglobin in the treatment of burn disease and its complications. RMZh. 2012; 5: 216-222. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков В.М., Алексеев А.А., Козлова М.Н., Барсуков А.А., Соловьева М.С., Ахмадов М.А. Изучение клинико–иммунологической эффективности иммунозаместительной терапии габриглобином при лечении ожоговой болезни и ее осложнений. РМЖ. 2012; 5: 216-222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev AA, Zemskov VM, Kozlova MN, Krutikov MG, Barsukov AA, Solov'eva MS, Ahmadov MA. The use of Gabriglobin for the prevention and treatment of sepsis in severely burned patients. Skoraja medicinskaja pomoshh'. 2011; 3: 4-7. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев А.А., Земсков В.М., Козлова М.Н., Крутиков М.Г., Барсуков А.А., Соловьева М.С., Ахмадов М.А. Применение Габриглобина для профилактики и лечения сепсиса у тяжелообоженных. Скорая медицинская помощь. 2011; 3: 4-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
